2091506 Whare Hanganga Rino Anga Wāhi Wheketere Whare Putunga Hanganga Rino Arumoni Hanganga Rino
Ko te maitai hanganga he momongā hanganga whare maitaihe rauemi he āhua me te hanganga matū motuhake kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga kaupapa e tika ana.
I runga i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ia kaupapa, ka rerekē pea ngā āhua, ngā rahi, me ngā whakaritenga o te maitai hanganga. Ko ētahi he mea huri wera, he mea huri matao rānei, ko ētahi he mea whakarewa mai i ngā pereti papatahi, piko rānei. Ko ngā āhua maitai hanganga noa ko ngā kurupae-I, te maitai tere-rahi, ngā awaawa, ngā koki, me ngā pereti.
Ngā Paerewa o te Ao mōHanganga Anga maitai
GB 50017 (Haina)Ngā ture whānui mō te hoahoa i ngā hanganga maitai. E pā ana tēnei paerewa ki ngā kawenga hoahoa, ngā taipitopito, te pakari me te haumaru o ngā hanganga maitai.
AISC (US)Kei roto i te "paipera" o te hoahoa i Amerika Te Raki, ngā whakaritenga kawenga, te hoahoa hanganga me te hononga.
BS 5950 (UK): Ka whakatairanga i te taurite tika o te haumaru, te ōhanga me te whai huatanga o te hanganga.
EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 (EU)Ko te paerewa mō te hoahoa taurite o ngā hanganga maitai i Ūropi.
| Paerewa | Paerewa ā-Motu | Paerewa Amerika | Paerewa Pākehā | |
| Kupu Whakataki | Mā ngā paerewa ā-motu (GB) hei kaupapa matua, me ngā tikanga ahumahi hei tautoko, ka aro nui ki te whakahaere katoa i ngā tukanga o te hoahoa, te hanga me te whakaae. | Mā te arotahi ki ngā paerewa rauemi ASTM me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa AISC, ka arotahi mātou ki te whakakotahi i te tiwhikete motuhake o te mākete me ngā paerewa ahumahi. | Ngā paerewa EN (ngā paerewa Pākehā) | |
| Ngā Paerewa Matua | Ngā paerewa hoahoa | GB 50017-2017 | AISC（AISC 360-16） | EN 1993 |
| Ngā paerewa rauemi | GB/T 700-2006, GB/T 1591-2018 | ASTM International | EN 10025 raupapa i whakawhanakehia e CEN | |
| Ngā paerewa hanga me te whakaae | GB 50205-2020 | AWS D1.1 | Raupapa EN 1011 | |
| Ngā paerewa motuhake mō te ahumahi | Hei tauira, ko JT/T 722-2023 i roto i te mara o ngā piriti, ko JGJ 99-2015 i roto i te mara o te hangahanga. | |||
| Ngā Tiwhikete e Hiahiatia ana | Tohu mātauranga kirimana ngaio mō te hangarau hanganga maitai (taumata motuhake, taumata tuatahi, taumata tuarua, taumata tuatoru) | Tiwhikete AISC | Tohu CE, Tiwhikete DIN Tiamana, Tiwhikete CARES o te UK | |
| Tiwhikete Rōpū Whakarōpū Haina (CCS), tiwhikete tohu hinonga hanga hanganga maitai | Tiwhikete FRA | |||
| Ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rauemi, te kounga whakarewa, me ētahi atu mea i tukuna e tētahi tari whakamātautau tuatoru. | ASME | |||
| Ngā Whakatakotoranga: | |
| Anga Rino Matua | He kurupae me ngā pou maitai wāhanga-H, he mea peita, he mea whakakanapa rānei, he paipa maitai wāhanga-C, he paipa maitai rānei kua whakakanapahia, me ētahi atu. |
| Anga Tuarua | purlin-C piauau wera, tautoko maitai, pae here, tautoko turi, taupoki taha, me ētahi atu |
| Papa tuanui | He papa hanawiti EPS, he papa hanawiti muka karāhe, he papa hanawiti Rockwool, me te hanawiti PU panera, pereti maitai rānei, me ētahi atu |
| Paepae Pakitara | papa hanawiti, pepa maitai kōpikopiko rānei, me ētahi atu |
| Tokotoko Here | ngongo maitai porowhita |
| Āwhata | pae porowhita |
| Tūru Turi | koki maitai |
| Ngā Tuhituhi me te Whakahua: | |
| (1) E manakohia ana te hoahoa ritenga. | |
| (2) Hei hoatu i tētahi whakatau utu tika me ngā tuhi, tena koa whakamōhio mai ki a mātou te roa, te whānui, te teitei o te tuanui, me te āhuarangi o te rohe. Mātou ka tere te tuku kōrero mōu. | |
Hanganga RinoNgā Wāhanga
Ko ngā wāhanga paerewa ko ērā e whakaahuatia ana i roto i ngā paerewa kua whakaputaina puta noa i te ao, ā, kei reira anō hoki ngā wāhanga motuhake/motuhake.
Ngā hihi-I(ngā wāhanga "I" matua — i te UK kei roto ko ngā kurupae whānui (UB) me ngā pou whānui (UC); i Ūropi, kei roto ko ngā wāhanga IPE, HE, HL, HD me ētahi atu; i te US kei roto ko ngā wāhanga whānui (āhua-W, āhua-W rānei) me ngā wāhanga āhua-H)
Ngā hihi-Z(ngā haurua-rere whakamuri)
HSS(Ngā Wāhanga Hanganga Poka, e mōhiotia ana ko te SHS (Wāhanga Hanganga Poka); kei roto ko ngā Wāhanga Tapawhā, Tapawhā Whānui, Porowhita (Ngūngū) me te Porowhita).
Ngā koki(Wāhanga āhua L)
Ngā awa hanganga, awa C, ngā wāhanga "C" rānei
Ngā Kurupae T(Ngā Wāhanga Āhua-T).
Ngā Paehe tapawhā rite te wāhanga, engari kāore i te whānui rawa hei tautuhi i tētahi pereti.
Ngā tokotokohe wāhanga porowhita, he tapawhā rānei, he roa e pā ana ki tōna whānui.
Ngā peretihe pepa whakarewa he nui ake i te 6 mm, he 1⁄4 inihi rānei te matotoru.
Ko ngā hanganga rino he hanganga e whakamahia ana te rino hei wāhanga matua mō te pikaunga. Nā te kaha nui, te māmā, te tere o te hanganga me te pai o te mahi ā-ru, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā mara maha. Ko ōna wāhanga matua o te whakamahinga ko:
Hangarau Ā-iwi
1. Ngā Whare Ahumahi- Ngā wheketere: te miihini, te whakarewa, ngā wheketere matū me ērā atu.
2. Ngā Whare PutungaNgā pokapū rokiroki me ngā ratonga kawe taonga nui (pērā i ngā whare putunga nui me ngā whare putunga mekameka makariri);
3. Ngā Whare Ā-iwi- Ngā Whare Teitei: Te anga matua o ngā whare tino teitei (hei tauira, ngā whare teitei);
4. Ngā Whare TūmatanuiNgā papa tākaro, ngā whare whakaaturanga, ngā whare tapere, ngā taunga rererangi me ērā atu mea.
5. Ngā Whare Noho: E tika ana ngā whare noho me ngā hanganga rino.
Ngā Hanganga Waka
1. Te Hangarau Piriti- Ngā piriti roa - Ngā piriti rerewē/huarahi matua
2. Te Waka Tereina me ngā Teihana- Ngā teihana tereina tereina, ngā wāhi noho o ngā teihana tereina raro whenua - Ngā waka tereina
Hangarau me ngā Taputapu Motuhake
1. Te Hangarau Moana- Ngā Papaaho o Waho: Ngā hanganga matua o ngā papaaho keri hinu (he koti, he papaaho); Te hanga kaipuke
2. Ngā mīhini hiki me te hanga- Ngā kerēne - Ngā waka motuhake
3. Ngā Taonga me ngā Ipu Nui- Ngā tāke rokiroki ahumahi - Ngā anga taputapu mīhini
Ētahi atu horopaki motuhake
1. Ngā whare rangitahingā whare āwhina i ngā āhuatanga ohorere, ngā whare whakaaturanga rangitahi, ngā whare kua oti te hanga, me ētahi atu.
2. Ngā tautoko tuanui karāhemō ngā whare hokohoko nui
3. Pūngao/hangarau pakihi– ngā pourewa tāpoi hau (ngā pereti maitai kaha-teitei kua hurihia) me ngā panera rā.
Tukanga Tapahi
1. Te Whakaritenga Tuatahi
Tirotiro Rauemi
Whakamārama Tuhituhi
2. Te Kōwhiri i te Tikanga Tapahi e Tika ana
Te Tapahi MuraHe pai mō te maitai ngawari matotoru me te maitai iti-koranu, he mea tino pai mō te miihini taratara.
Te Tapahi i te Rere WaiHe pai mō ngā momo rauemi, inā koa te maitai tairongo-wera, ngā wāhanga tino tika, āhua motuhake rānei.
Te Tukatuka Whakarewa
Ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga te wera, te pēhanga, ngā mea e rua rānei (i ētahi wā me ngā rauemi whakakī) hei whakatutuki i te hononga ngota i ngā hononga o ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai, ā, ka hangaia he hanganga totoka, he hanganga whakauru. He tukanga matua tēnei mō te hono i ngā wāhanga i roto i te hanga hanganga maitai, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare, i ngā piriti, i ngā mīhini, i ngā kaipuke, me ētahi atu mara, e whakatau tika ana i te kaha, te pumau, me te haumaru o ngā hanganga maitai.
I runga anō i ngā tuhi hanga, i te pūrongo tohu tikanga whakarewa rānei (PQR), tautuhia mārama te momo hononga whakarewa, ngā rahi awaawa, ngā rahi whakarewa, te tūranga whakarewa, me te taumata kounga.
Te Tukatuka Pakaru
Ko tēnei tukanga he hanga ā-ringa, ā-tinana rānei i ngā kōhao i roto i ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Ko te nuinga o ēnei kōhao ka whakamahia hei hono i ngā wāhanga, hei arahi i ngā paipa, me te tāuta i ngā taputapu. He tukanga nui tēnei i roto i te hanga hanganga maitai hei whakarite i te tika o te huihuinga wāhanga me te kaha o te hononga.
E ai ki ngā tuhi hanga, whakahuatia te tūranga o te kōhao (ngā ine taunga), te rahinga, te whānui, te nui o te tika (hei tauira, te ātete ±1mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu noa, ngā ātete ±0.5mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu kaha-teitei) me te momo kōhao (porowhita, porowhita, me ētahi atu). Hangaia he tohu mō te wāhi kōhao ki te mata o te wāhanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu tohu (rīpene ine maitai, pene rākau, tapawhā, tauira rānei). Whakamahia he pūtu tauira hei hanga i ngā pūwāhi kimi mō ngā kōhao nui hei āwhina i te whakarite i ngā wāhi keri tika.
He whānuitanga o ngā tukanga maimoatanga mata e wātea ana mōwhare hanganga maitai, e whakarei ake ana i tō rātou ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, tae atu ki tō rātou ātaahua.
Te whakapūmauhe kōwhiringa matarohia nā tōna ātete pai ki te waikura.
Paninga paurahe kanapa ngā tae, he kaha hoki te ātete ki te huarere.
Paninga epoxyhe tino ātete ki te waikura, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā taiao uaua.
Paninga whai rawa i te konutea epoxye whakarato ana i te tiaki hiko-matū whai hua me te nui o te konutea.
Te peitae tuku ana i te ngāwari me te whai hua, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia whakapaipai kanorau.
Paninga hinu pangohe kōwhiringa ōhanga mō ngā tono ārai waikura māmā.
He nui ngā wheako o tā mātou tīma matua o tāwāhi, he tohunga hanga me ngā tohunga hangarau, ki ngā kaupapa me ngā whakaaro hoahoa matua, me te mōhiotanga pakari ki ngā mahi miihini hanganga maitai me ngā paerewa e pā ana.
E ārahihia ana e ngā pūmanawa hoahoa matatau pērā iCAD Aunoa,TEKLAme ētahi atu, ka whakatū mātou i tētahi pūnaha hoahoa tirohanga whānui mō te whakatauira 3D me te tuhi hangarau 2D, e whakaatu ana i ngā taipitopito o te rahi o ia wāhanga, te whirihoranga hononga me te tahora ā-wāhi. Kei te wātea ā mātou hua me ngā ratonga mō te huringa katoa o te kaupapa, mai i te hoahoa kauwhata matua ki ngā tuhi hanganga taipitopito, mai i te arotau hononga hanganga-iti ki te manatoko hanganga whānui o te hanganga o runga. Ka tino whakahaerehia e mātou ngā taipitopito me te tika taumata-mirimita, me te whakakotahi i te hangarau me te whai whakaaro o te hanganga.
He arotahi tonu tā mātou ki te kiritaki. Mā te whakataurite i ngā kaupapa whānui me te whakatauira i ngā mahi miihini, ka whakaratohia e mātou he kaupapa ōhanga ritenga mō ngā taiao tono rerekē (ngā wheketere ahumahi, ngā whare arumoni, ngā piriti me ngā rori papa, me ētahi atu). I raro i te here o te haumarutanga hanganga, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga rauemi, ā, ka māmā ake ngā tukanga hanga. Ka tukuna e mātou he ratonga mōkihi whai muri katoa tae atu ki te tuku i ngā tuhi ki ngā whakamārama hangarau i te papaanga. Mā tō mātou tohungatanga ka oati te whakahaere maeneene o ia kaupapa hanga rino, ka waiho mātou hei hoa hoahoa pono, kotahi te pūtake.
Me whakatau te tikanga tākai mō ngā hanganga rino i runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te momo wāhanga, te rahi, te tawhiti kawe, te taiao rokiroki, me te tiakitanga e hiahiatia ana. Ko te whāinga he ārai i te rerekētanga, te waikura, me te kino i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana hoki.
Koinei te tikanga tākai o te hanganga maitai:
1. Tākai Tahanga (Kāore i tākaihia)
Mō: Ngā wāhanga maitai nunui, taumaha hoki (pērā i ngā pou maitai, ngā kurupae, ngā poupou nunui).
Ngā Āhuatanga: Wareware ki tētahi paparanga tākai tāpiri, ka taea e koe te uta me te tango tika mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hiki. Engari me herea pūmau ngā wāhanga i te wā e kawe ana kia kore ai e haruru/e pā.
Parenga Tāpiri: ka taea e koe te whakarato i ngā uhi rangitahi, i ngā hononga wāhanga takai rānei (ngā kōhao pūtu, te mata flange) hei ārai i te urunga mai me te kino.
2. Tākai Pōkai
He pai mō: Ngā wahi maitai iti, āhua rite tonu (pēnei i te maitai koki, te maitai hongere, ngā paipa maitai me ngā pereti hononga iti) i roto i te puranga.
Kia mōhio: Kaua te here e tino piri rawa. Ki te tino wetekina te here, ka neke ngā wāhanga. Ki te tino piri rawa, ka rerekē pea te āhua.
3. Pouaka Rākau/Takai Anga Rākau
Ngā Horopaki e Pā Ana: ngā wāhanga maitai iti tino tika (ngā wāhanga mīhini: ngā hononga tino tika, me ētahi atu), ngā wāhanga pakarukaru (pērā i ngā wāhanga iti pēnei i ngā pūtu me ngā nati) ngā wāhanga maitai rānei e hiahia ana kia kawehia ki tawhiti, kia kaweake rānei.
Ngā Painga: He tiakitanga pai, he wehe ke i te taiao, he parenga taiao, he tiaki mai i te kawe waka tawhiti i roto i te taiao uaua.
4. Tākai Tiakitanga Ahurei
Mō te Ārai-waikura: Ina rongoatia ngā wāhanga maitai, i roto rānei i te taiao makuku mō te kawe i ngā wāhanga maitai, me whakamahi anō he tukatuka ārai-waikura i tua atu i ngā tikanga takai o runga ake nei.
Hei Tiaki i te Pirautanga: Ina tākai ana i te maitai pakitara angiangi me te angiangi (hei tauira, te kurupae maitai angiangi, te mema maitai pakitara angiangi), whakamahia he tautoko tāpiri (rakau, whao maitai rānei) hei rauemi tākai, kia kore ai e piko te tākai me te pirautanga e te taumaha kore taurite i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana hoki.
Te kawe waka:Tukunga Tere (Tukunga Tauira), Rererangi, Reriwe, Whenua, Tereina, Tukunga Moana (FCL, LCL rānei, Paparahi rānei)
Mai i te tukunga o tō hua, kei te wātea tā mātou tīma tohunga ki te āwhina i a koe me te tāutanga, me te whakarato tautoko matatau. Mai i te whakawhanake i ngā wātaka tāutanga i te papaanga, ki ngā tohutohu tuku hangarau i ngā wā tino nui i te wā hanga, ki te mahi tahi me tō tīma hanga, e whakapau kaha ana mātou ki te tāutanga maeneene, tika hoki, e whai hua ai he hanganga maitai pakari, haumaru hoki.
I te wāhanga ratonga muri-hoko o te whakaputanga, ka tukuna e mātou he aratohu tiaki e ai ki te āhuatanga o te hua, ā, ka whakautu mātou ki ngā pātai mō te tiaki i ngā rauemi me te roa o te ora o te hanganga.
Mena he raruraru āu mō ā mātou hua ina whakamahia e koe, ka tere te whakautu a te tīma hoko muri, me te tikanga ngaio me te waiaro kawenga hei āwhina i a koe ki te whakaoti rapanga katoa.
Q: He kaihanga UA?
Āe, he kaihanga ngongo maitai porowhita mātou kei te kainga o Daqiuzhuang, te tāone o Tianjin, Haina.
Q: Ka taea e au te tono whakamātautau i ētahi tana anake?
A: Ae ra. Ka taea e mātou te tuku utanga māu mā te ratonga LCL. (He iti ake te kawenga ipu)
Q: Ki te kore he tauira?
A: Tauira kore utu, engari ko te kaihoko te utu mō te utanga.
Q: He kaiwhakarato koura koe, ā, he taurangi hokohoko koe?
A: 13 tau mātou e whakarato ana i te koura, ā, e whakaae ana mātou ki te whakamana hokohoko.
