Hanganga maitai wāhanga H Q235 Q355 mō te awheawhe piauau taumaha

Hanganga Rino Wāhanga H Q235 Q355 mō te Awheawhe Pirau Taumaha Whakaahua Matua

Whakaahuatanga Poto:

Ko te maitai te mea matua e whakamahia ana hei wāhanga pikau kawenga mō te hanganga maitai. Nā te kaha nui, te māmā, te tere o te hanganga me te ātete rū whenua pai, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo mara.

Mahi Hanga WhareNgā whare wheketere me ngā whare putunga; ngā whare tūmatanui, tae atu ki ngā whare tino teitei me ngā papa tākaro; me ngā whare noho me ngā anga maitai.

Ngā Whare WakaNgā piriti, ngā awhe nui me ngā awhe iti; ngā teihana tereina tereina, ngā wāhi huihui o ngā teihana tereina raro whenua me ngā waka tereina.

Ngā Kaupapa me ngā Taputapu MotuhakeNgā papaaho me ngā kaipuke o te takutai moana; Ngā kerene me ngā waka motuhake; ngā tāke rokiroki ahumahi me ngā anga taputapu.

Ētahi atu tonongā whare rangitahi, ngā tautoko mō ngā tuanui karāhe o ngā toa hokohoko; ngā pourewa tāpoi hau me ngā otinga whakairinga pūngao rā.

Ngā Paerewa o te Ao:GB 50017 (Haina), AISC (US), BS 5950 (UK), EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 (EU)

Te Kaupae Rino:A36, A53, A500, A501, A1085, A411, A572, A618, A992, A913, A270, A243, A588, A514, A517, A668

Ngā Tikanga Tukatuka:Te tapahi, te whakarewa, te wero, te maimoatanga mata (te peita, te whakapūmau, me ētahi atu)

Ngā Ratonga Tirotiro:Ngā ratonga tirotiro hanganga maitai ngaio, e whakaae ana ki ngā tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru pēnei i te SGS TUV BV

Ratonga muri-hoko:Te whakarato i ngā aratohu i te papaanga, ngā whakaaro mō te tāutanga me te tiaki, me ētahi atu.

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Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Tohu Hua

Ko te maitai hanganga he momongā hanganga whare maitaihe rauemi he āhua me te hanganga matū motuhake kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga kaupapa e tika ana.

I runga i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ia kaupapa, ka rerekē pea ngā āhua, ngā rahi, me ngā whakaritenga o te maitai hanganga. Ko ētahi he mea huri wera, he mea huri matao rānei, ko ētahi he mea whakarewa mai i ngā pereti papatahi, piko rānei. Ko ngā āhua maitai hanganga noa ko ngā kurupae-I, te maitai tere-rahi, ngā awaawa, ngā koki, me ngā pereti.

Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Paerewa o te Ao mōHanganga Anga maitai

GB 50017 (Haina): Te paerewa ā-motu o Haina, e kapi ana i ngā kawenga hoahoa, ngā taipitopito hanga, te pakari, me ngā whakaritenga haumaru.

AISC (USA)Ko te pukapuka ā-ringa mana nui rawa atu o Amerika Te Raki, e kapi ana i ngā paerewa kawenga, te hoahoa hanganga, me ngā hononga.

BS 5950 (UK)E whakanui ana i te taurite i waenga i te haumaru, te ōhanga, me te whai huatanga o te hanganga.

EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 (EU)He pūnaha hoahoa kotahi a Ūropi mō ngā hanganga maitai.

Paerewa		Paerewa ā-Motu	Paerewa Amerika	Paerewa Pākehā
Kupu Whakataki		Ka whakamahia ngā paerewa ā-motu (GB) hei wāhanga matua me ngā paerewa ahumahi hei tāpiritanga, ā, ka whakanuia te mana whakahaere whānui o te hoahoa, te hanga me te whakaae.	I roto i te horopaki o ngā paerewa rauemi ASTM me ngā whakatakotoranga hoahoa AISC, ka whai mātou ki te whakataurite i ngā tiwhikete motuhake e ahu mai ana i te mākete me ngā paerewa ahumahi.	Ngā paerewa EN (ngā paerewa Pākehā)
Ngā Paerewa Matua	Ngā paerewa hoahoa	GB 50017-2017	AISC（AISC 360-16）	EN 1993
	Ngā paerewa rauemi	GB/T 700-2006, GB/T 1591-2018	ASTM International	EN 10025 raupapa i whakawhanakehia e CEN
	Ngā paerewa hanga me te whakaae	GB 50205-2020	AWS D1.1	Raupapa EN 1011
	Ngā paerewa motuhake mō te ahumahi	Hei tauira, ko JT/T 722-2023 i roto i te mara o ngā piriti, ko JGJ 99-2015 i roto i te mara o te hangahanga.
Ngā Tiwhikete e Hiahiatia ana		Tohu Paetahi mō te Kaimahi Hanganga Rino (Taumata Motuhake, Taumata I, Taumata II, Taumata III)	Tiwhikete AISC	Tohu CE, Tiwhikete DIN Tiamana, Tiwhikete CARES o te UK
		Tiwhikete whakarōpūtanga mai i te Rōpū Whakarōpūtanga Haina (CCS); Tiwhikete whai mana o te umanga tukatuka hanganga maitai.	Tiwhikete FRA
		Te āhuatanga o te rauemi, ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha, te kounga o te whakarewa, me ētahi atu mea i tukuna e te tari whakamātautau tuatoru.	ASME

Whakapā mai mō ētahi atu kōrero

Ngā Whakatakotoranga:
Anga Rino Matua	He kurupae me ngā pou maitai wāhanga-H, he mea peita, he mea whakakanapa rānei, he paipa maitai wāhanga-C, he paipa maitai rānei kua whakakanapahia, me ētahi atu.
Anga Tuarua	purlin-C piauau wera, tautoko maitai, pae here, tautoko turi, taupoki taha, me ētahi atu
Papa tuanui	He papa hanawiti EPS, he papa hanawiti muka karāhe, he papa hanawiti Rockwool, me te hanawiti PU panera, pereti maitai rānei, me ētahi atu
Paepae Pakitara	papa hanawiti, pepa maitai kōpikopiko rānei, me ētahi atu
Tokotoko Here	ngongo maitai porowhita
Āwhata	pae porowhita
Tūru Turi	koki maitai
Ngā Tuhituhi me te Whakahua:
(1) E manakohia ana te hoahoa ritenga.
(2) Hei hoatu i tētahi whakatau utu tika me ngā tuhi, tena koa whakamōhio mai ki a mātou te roa, te whānui, te teitei o te tuanui, me te āhuarangi o te rohe. Mātou ka tere te tuku kōrero mōu.

Hanganga RinoNgā Wāhanga

Kei roto i ngā paerewa puta noa i te ao ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā wāhanga e wātea ana, ā, kei te wātea hoki ngā wāhanga motuhake, motuhake.

Ngā hihi-I(ngā wāhanga "I" matua—i te UK, kei roto ko ngā kurupae whānui (UB) me ngā pou whānui (UC); i Ūropi, kei roto ko IPE, HE, HL, HD, me ētahi atu wāhanga; i te US, kei roto ko ngā wāhanga whānui (āhua W, āhua W rānei) me ngā wāhanga āhua H)

Ngā hihi-Z(ngā haurua-rere whakamuri)

HSS(ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera, e mōhiotia ana ko te SHS (ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera), tae atu ki ngā wāhanga tapawhā, tapawhā hāngai, porowhita (ngongo), me te porowhita)

Ngā koki(Ngā wāhanga āhua-L)

Ngā hongere hanganga, ngā wāhanga āhua-C, ngā wāhanga "C" rānei

Ngā kurupae-T(Ngā wāhanga āhua-T)

Ngā Pae, he tapawhā rite te wāhanga engari kāore i te whānui kia kiia he pereti.

Ngā tokotoko, he wāhanga porowhita, he tapawhā rānei, he roa e pā ana ki tō rātou whānui.

Ngā pereti, he pepa whakarewa matotoru atu i te 6 mm, 1⁄4 inihi rānei.

Tono

1. Hangarau Hanga

Ngā Whare AhumahiNgā wheketere (mīhini, whakarewa, matū), ngā whare putunga (whare pupuri nui, rokiroki makariri)

Ngā Whare Ā-iwi me ngā Whare Tūmatanuingā whare teitei, ngā papa tākaro, ngā whare whakaaturanga, ngā whare tapere, ngā taunga rererangi

Ngā Whare NohoWhare hanganga-rino

2. Ngā Hanganga Waka

Ngā PiritiNgā piriti tereina/ara roa

Te Waka RerewēNgā Waka me ngā Teihana

3. Hangarau me ngā Taputapu Motuhake

Moana me te Hanga kaipukeNgā papaaho o waho, ngā kaipuke

Mīhini me ngā TaputapuNgā tāke ahumahi, ngā kerēne, ngā waka motuhake, ngā anga miihini

4. Ētahi atu tono

Ngā whare rangitahi, ngā tuanui nui o te whare hokohoko, ngā pourewa o ngā mīhini hau, ngā tautoko o te papa rā

Hangarau Tukatuka

Tukanga Tapahi

1. Te Whakaritenga Tuatahi

Tirotiro Rauemi
Whakamārama Tuhituhi

2. Te Kōwhiri i te Tikanga Tapahi e Tika ana

Te Tapahi MuraHe pai mō te maitai ngawari matotoru me te maitai iti-koranu, he mea tino pai mō te miihini taratara.

Te Tapahi i te Rere WaiHe pai mō ngā momo rauemi, inā koa te maitai tairongo-wera, ngā wāhanga tino tika, āhua motuhake rānei.

Te Tukatuka Whakarewa

Mā tēnei tukanga, ka whakamahia te wera, te pēhanga, ngā mea e rua rānei (i ētahi wā me te tāpiri i te rauemi whakakī) hei hanga i te hononga ngota ki te atanga o ngā wāhanga maitai, ka hua ake he hanganga kaha, kotahi. He tukanga hononga nui tēnei i roto i te hanganga o ngā hanganga maitai, ā, kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i ngā whare, ngā piriti, ngā mīhini, te hanga kaipuke me ētahi atu, e pā ana ki te kaha, te pumau me te haumaru o te hanganga maitai.

I runga anō i ngā tuhi hanga, i te pūrongo tohu tikanga whakarewa rānei (PQR), tautuhia mārama te momo hononga whakarewa, ngā rahi awaawa, ngā rahi whakarewa, te tūranga whakarewa, me te taumata kounga.

Te Tukatuka Pakaru

Ko tēnei tukanga he hanga ā-ringa, ā-tinana rānei i ngā kōhao i roto i ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Ko te nuinga o ēnei kōhao ka whakamahia hei hono i ngā wāhanga, hei arahi i ngā paipa, me te tāuta i ngā taputapu. He tukanga nui tēnei i roto i te hanga hanganga maitai hei whakarite i te tika o te huihuinga wāhanga me te kaha o te hononga.

I runga i ngā tuhi hoahoa, tohua te wāhi o te kōhao (ngā ine taunga), te maha, te whānui, te taumata tika (hei tauira, te ātete ±1mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu paerewa, te ātete ±0.5mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu kaha-teitei), me te momo kōhao (porowhita, porowhita, me ētahi atu). Whakamahia he taputapu tohu (pēnei i te rīpene ine maitai, te pene matihiko, te tapawhā, te wero tauira rānei) hei tohu i ngā wāhi kōhao i runga i te mata o te wāhanga. Whakamahia he wero tauira hei waihanga i ngā pūwāhi kimi mō ngā kōhao nui hei whakarite i ngā wāhi keri tika.

Te Maimoatanga Mata

He whānuitanga o ngā tukanga maimoatanga mata e wātea ana mōwhare hanganga maitai, e whakarei ake ana i tō rātou ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, tae atu ki tō rātou ātaahua.

Te whakapūmau wera-tō:Te tikanga tawhito mō te ātete ki te waikura.

Paninga paura:He paura tae hei whakamahi ki waho, ki roto rānei mō te whakapaipai.

Ngā Kohatu Paninga Epoxy:He ātete pai rawa atu ki te waikura, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā taiao pukuriri.

Paninga epoxy whai rawa i te konutea:Mā te nui o te konutea ka roa te tiaki hikohiko me te pumau o te hanganga.

Te peita rehu:He maha ngā whakamahinga, he utu tika hoki, e tutuki ana i ngā momo whakaritenga tiaki me ngā whakapaipai.

Paninga hinu pango:He iti te utu, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā mahi tiaki waikura whānui.

Hoahoa Hanganga Rino

He nui te wheako o tā mātou tīma rangatira o ngā kaihanga hanganga me ngā tohunga hangarau, ā, he matatau hoki ki ngā kaupapa me ngā ariā hoahoa matatau, me te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā tikanga hanga rino me ngā paerewa ahumahi.

Te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa hoahoa ngaio pērā iAutoCADmeNgā Hanganga o Tekla, ka hangaia e mātou he pūnaha hoahoa tirohanga whānui, mai i ngā tauira 3D ki ngā mahere hangarau 2D, e whakaatu tika ana i ngā inenga o ngā wāhanga, ngā whirihoranga hononga, me ngā tahora ā-wāhi. Ka hipokina e ā mātou ratonga te huringa ora katoa o te kaupapa, mai i te hoahoa kauwhata tuatahi ki ngā tuhi hanganga taipitopito, mai i te arotau hononga uaua ki te manatoko hanganga whānui. Ka tino whakahaerehia e mātou ngā taipitopito me te tino tika o te taumata mirimita, me te whakarite i te pakari hangarau me te hanganga.

He arotahi tonu tā mātou ki te kiritaki. Mā te whakatairite whānui i ngā kaupapa me te whakatauira mahi mīhini, ka whakarite mātou i ngā otinga hoahoa utu-whai hua mō ngā momo whakamahinga rerekē (ngā whare ahumahi, ngā whare arumoni, ngā piriti me ngā rori papa, me ētahi atu). I a mātou e whakarite ana i te haumaru hanganga, ka whakaitihia e mātou te whakamahinga rauemi me te whakahaere i te tukanga hanga. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he ratonga whai muri whānui, mai i te tuku tuhi ki ngā whakamōhiotanga hangarau i te papaanga. Mā tō mātou ngaiotanga ka whakarite kia whai hua te whakatinanatanga o ia kaupapa hanganga maitai, ka waiho mātou hei hoa hoahoa pono, kotahi-mutunga.

Tirotiro Hua

Te Tākai me te Kawe

Ko te nui o ngā hanganga maitai e takai ana i runga i te momo wāhanga, te rahi, te tawhiti o te kawe, te taiao rokiroki, me te tiakitanga e hiahiatia ana hei ārai i te hurihanga, te waikura, me te kino.

Tākai Tahanga (Kāore i Tākaihia)

Mō ngā wāhanga nunui/taumaha (pou, kurupae, taura)

Te uta/te tango tika i ngā uta me ngā taputapu hiki; ngā hononga mau hei ārai i te kino

Tākai Pōkai

Mō ngā wāhanga iti/waenga, noa (te maitai koki, ngā awaawa, ngā paipa, ngā pereti)

Me piri rawa ngā paihere kia kore ai e neke engari kia kore ai e huri te āhua

Pouaka Rākau/Takai Anga Rākau

Mō ngā wāhanga iti, pakarukaru, tino tika rānei, mō te kawe tawhiti, mō te kaweake rānei

He tino pai te tiaki i a koe mai i ngā kino o te taiao

Tākai Tiaki Motuhake

Te ārai i te waikura: Whakamahia he maimoatanga ārai-waikura mō te rokiroki roa, mō te kawe rānei i roto i te haumākū

Te parenga ki te whakapōturi: Tāpirihia he tautoko mō ngā wāhanga angiangi, angiangi rānei hei ārai i te piko

Te kawe waka:Tukunga Tere (Tukunga Tauira), Rererangi, Reriwe, Whenua, Tereina, Tukunga Moana (FCL, LCL rānei, Paparahi rānei)

Ratonga muri-hoko

Mai i te wā e tukuna ai tō hua, ka whakaratohia e tā mātou tīma ngaio he tautoko whānui puta noa i te tukanga tāutanga, me te tuku āwhina tino tika. Ahakoa te arotau i ngā mahere tāutanga i te papaanga, te whakarato aratohu hangarau mō ngā whakatutukitanga matua, te mahi tahi rānei me te tīma hanga, ka whai mātou kia whai hua, kia tika hoki te tukanga tāutanga, kia mau ai te pumau me te haumaru o tō hanganga maitai.

I te wā o te ratonga muri-hoko o te tukanga hangahanga, ka whakaratohia e mātou ngā taunakitanga tiaki e hāngai ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua, ā, ka whakautua hoki ngā pātai e pā ana ki te tiaki rauemi me te pakari o te hanganga.
Mena ka tūtaki koe ki tētahi raruraru e pā ana ki te hua i a koe e whakamahi ana, ka tere te whakautu a tā mātou tīma whai muri i te hoko, me te whakarato i te tohungatanga hangarau ngaio me te waiaro kawenga ki te whakatau i aua raruraru.