Whare Awheawhe Hanganga Rino Hanganga Ahumahi Utu Iti, Whare Putunga Hanganga Rino Whānui Whakarite
Ko te maitai hanganga e pā ana ki ngā rauemi maitai e whakamahia ana mōngā hanganga whare maitai, i hangaia me ngā āhua pumau me ngā hanganga matū hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga motuhake o ngā kaupapa hangarau.
E ai ki ngā whakaritenga motuhake o ngā kaupapa rerekē, he whānuitia ngā āhua, ngā rahi me ngā paerewa o te maitai hanganga. Ko ētahi ka hangaia mā te hurihuri wera, te hurihuri makariri rānei, ko ētahi ka hangaia mā te whakarewa, te piko rānei i ngā pereti maitai papatahi. Ko ngā momo maitai hanganga noa koNgā hihi-I, Ngā hihi-H, ngā awa rino, koki maitaimepereti maitai.
Ngā Paerewa o te Ao mōHanganga Anga maitai
GB 50017 (Haina):He paerewa ā-motu tēnei i Haina e tohu ana i ngā kawenga hoahoa, ngā taipitopito hanganga, ngā whakaritenga pakari, me ngā whakaritenga haumaru mō ngā hanganga rino.
AISC (US):Hei paerewa tohutoro e whakamahia whānuitia ana puta noa i Amerika Te Raki, e aro ana ki ngā whakaritenga kawenga, ngā mātāpono hoahoa hanganga, me te hoahoa hononga.
BS 5950 (UK):E whakanui ana tēnei paerewa Piritana i tētahi huarahi taurite ki te haumaru, te whai huatanga o te utu, me te whai huatanga o te hanganga.
EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 (EU):Koia te paerewa kotahi o Ūropi mō te hoahoa taurite o ngā hanganga maitai puta noa i ngā whenua mema o te EU.
| Paerewa | Paerewa ā-Motu | Paerewa Amerika | Paerewa Pākehā | |
| Kupu Whakataki | Mā ngā paerewa ā-motu (GB) hei kaupapa matua, me ngā tikanga ahumahi hei tautoko, ka aro nui ki te whakahaere katoa i ngā tukanga o te hoahoa, te hanga me te whakaae. | Mā te arotahi ki ngā paerewa rauemi ASTM me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa AISC, ka arotahi mātou ki te whakakotahi i te tiwhikete motuhake o te mākete me ngā paerewa ahumahi. | Ngā paerewa EN (ngā paerewa Pākehā) | |
| Ngā Paerewa Matua | Ngā paerewa hoahoa | GB 50017-2017 | AISC（AISC 360-16） | EN 1993 |
| Ngā paerewa rauemi | GB/T 700-2006, GB/T 1591-2018 | ASTM International | EN 10025 raupapa i whakawhanakehia e CEN | |
| Ngā paerewa hanga me te whakaae | GB 50205-2020 | AWS D1.1 | Raupapa EN 1011 | |
| Ngā paerewa motuhake mō te ahumahi | Hei tauira, ko JT/T 722-2023 i roto i te mara o ngā piriti, ko JGJ 99-2015 i roto i te mara o te hangahanga. | |||
| Ngā Tiwhikete e Hiahiatia ana | Tohu mātauranga kirimana ngaio mō te hangarau hanganga maitai (taumata motuhake, taumata tuatahi, taumata tuarua, taumata tuatoru) | Tiwhikete AISC | Tohu CE, Tiwhikete DIN Tiamana, Tiwhikete CARES o te UK | |
| Tiwhikete Rōpū Whakarōpū Haina (CCS), tiwhikete tohu hinonga hanga hanganga maitai | Tiwhikete FRA | |||
| Ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rauemi, te kounga whakarewa, me ētahi atu mea i tukuna e tētahi tari whakamātautau tuatoru. | ASME | |||
Hanganga RinoNgā Wāhanga
Kei roto i ngā paerewa puta noa i te ao ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā wāhanga e wātea ana, ā, kei te wātea hoki ngā wāhanga motuhake, motuhake.
Ngā hihi-I(ngā wāhanga "I" matua—i te UK, kei roto ko ngā kurupae whānui (UB) me ngā pou whānui (UC); i Ūropi, kei roto ko IPE, HE, HL, HD, me ētahi atu wāhanga; i te US, kei roto ko ngā wāhanga whānui (āhua W, āhua W rānei) me ngā wāhanga āhua H)
Ngā hihi-Z(ngā haurua-rere whakamuri)
HSS(ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera, e mōhiotia ana ko te SHS (ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera), tae atu ki ngā wāhanga tapawhā, tapawhā hāngai, porowhita (ngongo), me te porowhita)
Ngā koki(Ngā wāhanga āhua-L)
Ngā hongere hanganga, ngā wāhanga āhua-C, ngā wāhanga "C" rānei
Ngā kurupae-T(Ngā wāhanga āhua-T)
Ngā Pae, he tapawhā rite te wāhanga engari kāore i te whānui kia kiia he pereti.
Ngā tokotoko, he wāhanga porowhita, he tapawhā rānei, he roa e pā ana ki tō rātou whānui.
Ngā pereti, he pepa whakarewa matotoru atu i te 6 mm, 1⁄4 inihi rānei.
Ko te rino te mea matua e whakamahia ana mō ngā hanganga rino. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo mara nā ō rātou painga pēnei i te kaha nui, te māmā, te tere o te hanganga, me te ātete pai ki te ru. Ko ōna whakamahinga matua me ngā wāhi tono ko:
Hangarau Hanga
1. Ngā Whare Ahumahi - Ngā wheketere: pērā i te miihini, te whakarewa, me ngā whare matū
2. Ngā Whare Putunga: Ngā pokapū rokiroki me ngā ratonga kawe taonga nui (pērā i ngā whare putunga nui me ngā whare putunga mekameka makariri);
3. Ngā Whare Ā-Iwi - Ngā Whare Teitei: Ngā anga matua o ngā whare tino teitei (pērā i ngā whare teitei);
Ngā Whare Tūmatanui: Ngā papa tākaro, ngā whare whakaaturanga, ngā whare tapere, ngā taunga rererangi, me ētahi atu.
3. Ngā Whare Noho: Ngā whare noho hanganga-rino
Ngā Hanganga Waka
1. Te Hangarau Piriti - Ngā piriti whānui - Ngā piriti rerewē/huarahi matua
2. Te Waka Tereina me ngā Teihana - Ngā teihana tereina tereina, ngā wāhi noho o ngā teihana tereina raro whenua - Ngā waka tereina
Hangarau me ngā Taputapu Motuhake
1. Hangarau Moana - Ngā Papaaho o Waho: Ngā hanganga matua o ngā papaaho keri hinu (pēnei i ngā koti me ngā papaaho);
Hanga kaipuke
2. Ngā Mīhini Hīkoi me te Hanga - Ngā Kērani - Ngā Waka Motuhake
3. Ngā Taputapu me ngā Ipu Nui - Ngā Tāke Rokiroki Ahumahi - Ngā Anga Taputapu Mīhini
Ētahi atu horopaki motuhake
1. Ngā whare rangitahi: ngā whare āwhina i ngā āhuatanga ohorere, ngā whare whakaaturanga rangitahi, ngā whare kua oti te hanga, me ētahi atu.
2. Ngā tautoko kōhao karāhe mō ngā toa hokohoko nui
3. Te hangarau pūngao: ngā pourewa tāpoi hau (he mea hanga ki ngā pereti maitai kaha-teitei kua hurihia) me ngā panera rā.
Tukanga Tapahi
1. Ngā Mahi Whakarite
Te tirotiro me te manatoko rauemi
Arotake me te māramatanga o te tuhi
2. Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Tikanga Tapahi e Tika ana
Te tapahi mura:He tino pai mō te maitai matotoru, ngawari hoki me te maitai iti-koranu, e whakamahia ana mō te miihini taratara.
Te tapahi i te jet wai:Ka taea te whakamahi me te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi, inā koa te maitai tairongo wera me ngā wāhanga āhua motuhake tino tika.
Te Tukatuka Whakarewa
Ka herea e tēnei tukanga ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai i te hononga mā te whakamahi i te wera, te pēhanga, ngā mea e rua rānei (me te konganuku whakakī ina hiahiatia), ka hangaia he hanganga totoka, kotahi. Hei tikanga hononga matua i roto i te hanga maitai, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanganga, ngā piriti, ngā mīhini, te hanga kaipuke me ētahi atu mara, ā, ka whakatau tika i te kaha, te pumau me te haumaru o ngā hanganga maitai.
Whāia ngā tuhi hanga, ngā Pūrongo Whakamātautau Tukanga Whakarewa rānei (PQR) hei tautuhi mārama i te momo whakarewa, te rahi o te awaawa, ngā āhuatanga whakarewa, te tūranga whakarewa me te taumata kounga.
Te Tukatuka Pakaru
Ko tēnei tukanga e pā ana ki te keri ā-ringa, ā-tinana rānei i ngā kōhao i roto i ngā wāhanga hanganga rino hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Ko te nuinga o ēnei kōhao e whakamahia ana mō te hononga wāhanga, te tāutanga paipa me te huihuinga taunga. Hei tukanga matua i roto i te hanga hanganga rino, ka whakarite tika i te tika o te huihuinga me te kaha o te hononga o ngā wāhanga hanganga.
E ai ki ngā tuhi hoahoa, whakaūtia te tūranga o te kōhao (ngā ine taunga), te rahinga, te whānui, te taumata tika (hei tauira, ±1mm te manawanui mō ngā kōhao pūtu noa, ±0.5mm te manawanui mō ngā kōhao pūtu kaha) me te momo kōhao (porowhita, porowhita, me ētahi atu). Tohua ngā tūranga kōhao i runga i te mata o te wāhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tohu pēnei i te rīpene maitai, te kaituhituhi, te tapawhā me te pūtu pokapū. Mō ngā kōhao kī, whakamahia he pūtu pokapū hei hanga i ngā pūtu tūranga hei whakarite kia tika te keri.
He whānuitanga o ngā tukanga maimoatanga mata e wātea ana mōwhare hanganga maitai, e whakarei ake ana i tō rātou ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, tae atu ki tō rātou ātaahua.
Te whakapūmauhe otinga tuku iho, he otinga whānui hoki e whakamahia ana, e whakarato ana i te ātete tino pai ki te waikura mō ngā hanganga maitai whānui.
Paninga pauraHe whānuitanga o ngā tae e tukuna ana, ā, he kaha hoki te ātete ki te huarere, he mea tino pai mō ngā hanganga o waho e hiahiatia ana he āhua teitei.
Paninga epoxyHe tino pai te ātete ki te waikura, ā, he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā taiao uaua pērā i te takutai moana me ngā taiao ahumahi.
Paninga whai rawa i te konutea epoxye whakarato ana i te tiaki hiko-matū pono nā te nui o te konutea, he mea e tika ana mō ngā mahi ārai-waikura taumaha.
Te peita tuku ihoHe ngāwari, he iti hoki te utu, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakapaipai me ngā hiahia tiaki taketake.
Paninga hinu pangohe kōwhiringa ōhanga mō ngā whakaritenga tiaki waikura māmā, wā poto.
He nui te wheako o tā mātou tīma rangatira o ngā kaihanga hanganga me ngā tohunga hangarau, ā, he matatau hoki ki ngā kaupapa me ngā ariā hoahoa hou, me te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā tikanga hanga rino me ngā paerewa ahumahi.
Te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa hoahoa ngaio pērā iAutoCADmeNgā Hanganga o Tekla, ka hangaia e mātou he pūnaha hoahoa tirohanga whānui, mai i ngā tauira 3D ki ngā mahere hangarau 2D, e whakaatu tika ana i ngā inenga o ngā wāhanga, ngā whirihoranga hononga, me ngā tahora ā-wāhi. Ka hipokina e ā mātou ratonga te huringa ora katoa o te kaupapa, mai i te hoahoa kauwhata tuatahi ki ngā tuhi hanganga taipitopito, mai i te arotau hononga uaua ki te manatoko hanganga whānui. Ka tino whakahaerehia e mātou ngā taipitopito me te tino tika o te taumata mirimita, me te whakarite i te pakari hangarau me te hanganga.
He arotahi tonu tā mātou ki te kiritaki. Mā te whakatairite whānui i ngā kaupapa me te whakatauira mahi mīhini, ka whakarite mātou i ngā otinga hoahoa utu-whai hua mō ngā momo whakamahinga rerekē (ngā whare ahumahi, ngā whare arumoni, ngā piriti me ngā rori papa, me ētahi atu). I a mātou e whakarite ana i te haumaru hanganga, ka whakaitihia e mātou te whakamahinga rauemi me te whakahaere i te tukanga hanga. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he ratonga whai muri whānui, mai i te tuku tuhi ki ngā whakamōhiotanga hangarau i te papaanga. Mā tō mātou ngaiotanga ka whakarite kia whai hua te whakatinanatanga o ia kaupapa hanganga maitai, ka waiho mātou hei hoa hoahoa pono, kotahi-mutunga.
Ko te tikanga tākai mō ngā hanganga rino ka tīpakohia i runga i te momo wāhanga, te rahi, te tawhiti kawe, te taiao rokiroki me ngā whakaritenga tiaki. Ko tōna kaupapa matua he karo i te rerekētanga, te waikura me te kino i te wā e kawe ana me te rokiroki ana.
Ngā Tikanga Tākai Noa
Tākai Tahanga
He pai mō ngā wāhanga maitai nunui, taumaha hoki, tae atu ki ngā pou maitai, ngā kurupae me ngā poupou nunui.
Ngā Āhuatanga: Kāore he rauemi tākai tāpiri, e āhei ai te hiki me te uta tika. Me mau tonu ngā wāhanga i te wā e kawe ana hei ārai i te nekeneke me te tukinga.
Parenga tāpiri: Ka taea te hipoki i ngā kōhao pūtu, ngā mata flange me ētahi atu hononga ki ngā taupoki rangitahi, ki te kiriata kirihou rānei hei tiaki.
Tākai Pōkai
He pai mō ngā rahinga nui o ngā mema maitai noa iti, rahi waenga hoki, pērā i te maitai koki, te maitai hongere, ngā paipa maitai me ngā pereti hono iti.
Kia mōhio: Me taurite te paihere. Tērā pea ka neke ngā wāhanga i ngā paihere wetekina, engari ka rerekē te āhua ina piri rawa.
Pouaka Rākau / Tākai Anga Rākau
He pai mō ngā wāhanga maitai iti, ngā wāhanga pakarukaru (ngā pūtu, ngā nati, me ētahi atu) me ngā wāhanga maitai mō te kawe tawhiti, mō te kawe kaweake rānei.
Ngā Painga: He parenga taumata teitei mai i ngā kino o te taiao, he mea tino pai mō te kawe tawhiti me ngā āhuatanga rokiroki uaua.
Tākai Tiaki Motuhake
Te tiaki i te waikura: Mō te rokiroki roa, te kawe rānei i roto i ngā taiao makuku, me whai maimoatanga ārai-waikura tāpiri.
Te tiaki i te āhua rerekē: Mō ngā wāhanga angiangi, kikokore hoki, me tāuta he tautoko rakau, he tautoko maitai rānei hei karo i te piko me te āhua rerekē e puta mai ana i ngā kawenga kāore i te ōrite.
Te kawe waka:Tukunga Tere (Tukunga Tauira), Rererangi, Reriwe, Whenua, Tereina, Tukunga Moana (FCL, LCL rānei, Paparahi rānei)
Kia tukuna mai ō hua hanganga rino, ka tautoko katoa tā mātou tīma ngaio i te tukanga tāutanga. Ka āwhina mātou ki te arotau i ngā mahere tāutanga i te papaanga, ka tuku tohutohu hangarau mō ngā tikanga matua, ā, ka mahi tahi me te tīma hanga kia pai ai te tāutanga me te tika, kia mau ai te pumau me te haumaru o tō hanganga.
Mō te tautoko i muri i te hoko, ka whakaratohia e mātou he taunakitanga tiaki ritenga i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te hua, ā, ka whakautua e mātou ngā pātai katoa mō te tiaki rauemi me te pakari o te hanganga. Mēnā ka puta he raruraru i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka tere te whakautu a tā mātou tīma hoko, ka whakatau i ngā take me te tautoko hangarau ngaio.
Q: He kaihanga UA?
Āe, he kaihanga ngongo maitai porowhita mātou kei te tāone o Tianjin, Haina.
Q: Ka taea e au te tono whakamātautau i ētahi tana anake?
A: Ae ra. Ka taea e mātou te tuku utanga māu mā te ratonga LCL. (He iti ake te kawenga ipu)
Q: Ki te kore he tauira?
A: Tauira kore utu, engari ko te kaihoko te utu mō te utanga.
Q: He kaiwhakarato koura koe, ā, he taurangi hokohoko koe?
A: 13 tau mātou e whakarato ana i te koura, ā, e whakaae ana mātou ki te whakamana hokohoko.
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