Hanganga Rino Whare Rino Whare Hanganga Rino Whare Putunga
Ko te maitai hanganga he momongā hanganga whare maitaihe rauemi he āhua me te hanganga matū motuhake kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga kaupapa e tika ana.
I runga i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ia kaupapa, ka rerekē pea ngā āhua, ngā rahi, me ngā whakaritenga o te maitai hanganga. Ko ētahi he mea huri wera, he mea huri matao rānei, ko ētahi he mea whakarewa mai i ngā pereti papatahi, piko rānei. Ko ngā āhua maitai hanganga noa ko ngā kurupae-I, te maitai tere-rahi, ngā awaawa, ngā koki, me ngā pereti.
Ngā Paerewa o te Ao mōHanganga Anga maitai
GB 50017 (Haina)He paerewa ā-motu Haina e kapi ana i ngā kawenga hoahoa, ngā taipitopito, te pakari, me ngā paearu haumaru.
AISC (US)Ko te aratohu tino rongonui i Amerika Te Raki, e kapi ana i ngā paearu kawenga, te hoahoa hanganga, me ngā hononga.
BS 5950 (UK): E arotahi ana ki te whakataurite i te haumaru, te ōhanga, me te whai huatanga o te hanganga.
EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 (EU)Ko te anga Ūropi mō te hoahoa taunga o ngā hanganga maitai.
| Paerewa | Paerewa ā-Motu | Paerewa Amerika | Paerewa Pākehā | |
| Kupu Whakataki | Mā ngā paerewa ā-motu (GB) hei kaupapa matua, me ngā tikanga ahumahi hei tautoko, ka aro nui ki te whakahaere katoa i ngā tukanga o te hoahoa, te hanga me te whakaae. | Mā te arotahi ki ngā paerewa rauemi ASTM me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa AISC, ka arotahi mātou ki te whakakotahi i te tiwhikete motuhake o te mākete me ngā paerewa ahumahi. | Ngā paerewa EN (ngā paerewa Pākehā) | |
| Ngā Paerewa Matua | Ngā paerewa hoahoa | GB 50017-2017 | AISC（AISC 360-16） | EN 1993 |
| Ngā paerewa rauemi | GB/T 700-2006, GB/T 1591-2018 | ASTM International | EN 10025 raupapa i whakawhanakehia e CEN | |
| Ngā paerewa hanga me te whakaae | GB 50205-2020 | AWS D1.1 | Raupapa EN 1011 | |
| Ngā paerewa motuhake mō te ahumahi | Hei tauira, ko JT/T 722-2023 i roto i te mara o ngā piriti, ko JGJ 99-2015 i roto i te mara o te hangahanga. | |||
| Ngā Tiwhikete e Hiahiatia ana | Tohu mātauranga kirimana ngaio mō te hangarau hanganga maitai (taumata motuhake, taumata tuatahi, taumata tuarua, taumata tuatoru) | Tiwhikete AISC | Tohu CE, Tiwhikete DIN Tiamana, Tiwhikete CARES o te UK | |
| Tiwhikete Rōpū Whakarōpū Haina (CCS), tiwhikete tohu hinonga hanga hanganga maitai | Tiwhikete FRA | |||
| Ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rauemi, te kounga whakarewa, me ētahi atu mea i tukuna e tētahi tari whakamātautau tuatoru. | ASME | |||
| Ngā Whakatakotoranga: | |
| Anga Rino Matua | He kurupae me ngā pou maitai wāhanga-H, he mea peita, he mea whakakanapa rānei, he paipa maitai wāhanga-C, he paipa maitai rānei kua whakakanapahia, me ētahi atu. |
| Anga Tuarua | purlin-C piauau wera, tautoko maitai, pae here, tautoko turi, taupoki taha, me ētahi atu |
| Papa tuanui | He papa hanawiti EPS, he papa hanawiti muka karāhe, he papa hanawiti Rockwool, me te hanawiti PU panera, pereti maitai rānei, me ētahi atu |
| Paepae Pakitara | papa hanawiti, pepa maitai kōpikopiko rānei, me ētahi atu |
| Tokotoko Here | ngongo maitai porowhita |
| Āwhata | pae porowhita |
| Tūru Turi | koki maitai |
| Ngā Tuhituhi me te Whakahua: | |
| (1) E manakohia ana te hoahoa ritenga. | |
| (2) Hei hoatu i tētahi whakatau utu tika me ngā tuhi, tena koa whakamōhio mai ki a mātou te roa, te whānui, te teitei o te tuanui, me te āhuarangi o te rohe. Mātou ka tere te tuku kōrero mōu. | |
Hanganga RinoNgā Wāhanga
Kei roto i ngā paerewa kua whakaputaina puta noa i te ao ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā wāhanga e wātea ana, ā, kei te wātea hoki ngā wāhanga motuhake, motuhake.
Ngā hihi-I(ngā wāhanga "I" matua—i te UK, kei roto ko ngā kurupae whānui (UB) me ngā pou whānui (UC); i Ūropi, kei roto ko IPE, HE, HL, HD, me ētahi atu wāhanga; i te US, kei roto ko ngā wāhanga whānui (āhua W, āhua W rānei) me ngā wāhanga āhua H)
Ngā hihi-Z(ngā haurua-rere whakamuri)
HSS(ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera, e mōhiotia ana ko te SHS (ngā wāhanga hanganga tuwhera), tae atu ki ngā wāhanga tapawhā, tapawhā hāngai, porowhita (ngongo), me te porowhita)
Ngā koki(Ngā wāhanga āhua-L)
Ngā hongere hanganga, ngā wāhanga āhua-C, ngā wāhanga "C" rānei
Ngā kurupae-T(Ngā wāhanga āhua-T)
Ngā Pae, he tapawhā rite te wāhanga engari kāore i te whānui kia kiia he pereti.
Ngā tokotoko, he wāhanga porowhita, he tapawhā rānei, he roa e pā ana ki tō rātou whānui.
Ngā pereti, he pepa whakarewa matotoru atu i te 6 mm, 1⁄4 inihi rānei.
Ko ngā hanganga rino ko aua hanganga e whakamahi ana i te rino hei reo tautoko kaha. Kua whakamahia whānuitia ēnei ki ngā ahumahi maha nā te kaha nui, te māmā, te tere o te hanganga me te pai o te mahi ru. Ko ōna whakamahinga matua me ngā rohe tono ko:
Hangarau Hanga
1. Ngā Whare Ahumahi-Ngā Wheketere: pērā i te mīhini, te whakarewa me te matū.
2. Whare Putunga: Ngā whare pupuri taonga me ngā whare pupuri taonga nui (ngā whare putunga taonga me ngā whare putunga taonga makariri);
3. Ngā Whare Ā-Iwi - Reo Ngā Whare Teitei: Ko te anga matua mō ngā whare teitei rawa (pērā i ngā whare teitei);
4. Ngā Whare Tūmatanui: Ngā papa tākaro, ngā whare whakaaturanga, ngā whare tapere, ngā taunga rererangi me ērā atu.
5. Ngā Whare Noho: Ngā whare noho hanganga rino
Ngā Hanganga Waka
1. Te Hangarau Piriti - Ngā piriti rerewē/huarahi matua - Ngā piriti whānui
2. Te Waka Tereina me ngā Teihana - Ngā teihana tereina tereina, te wāhi e tū ai te teihana tereina raro whenua - Ngā waka tereina
Hangarau me ngā Taputapu Motuhake
1. Te Hangarau Moana - Ngā Papaaho o Waho: Ngā hanganga matua o ngā papaaho keri hinu (pēnei i ngā koti me ngā papaaho);
2. Te hanga kaipuke
3. Ngā Mīhini Hīkoi me te Hanga - Ngā Kērani—Ngā Waka Motuhake
4. Ngā Taputapu me ngā Ipu Nui - Ngā Tāke Rokiroki Ahumahi - Ngā Anga Taputapu Mīhini
Ētahi atu āhuatanga motuhake
1. Ngā whare rangitahi: ngā whare āwhina āwhati, ngā whare whakaaturanga rangitahi, ngā whare kua oti te hanga, me ētahi atu.
2. Ngā tautoko kōhao karāhe mō ngā whare hokohoko nui
3. Hangarau Pūngao: Ngā pourewa tāpoi hau (i hangaia ki ngā pereti maitai kaha-teitei kua hurihia) me ngā panera rā.
Tukanga Tapahi
1. Te Whakaritenga Tuatahi
Tirotiro Rauemi
Whakamārama Tuhituhi
2. Te Kōwhiri i te Tikanga Tapahi e Tika ana
Te Tapahi MuraHe pai mō te maitai ngawari matotoru me te maitai iti-koranu, he mea tino pai mō te miihini taratara.
Te Tapahi i te Rere WaiHe pai mō ngā momo rauemi, inā koa te maitai tairongo-wera, ngā wāhanga tino tika, āhua motuhake rānei.
Te Tukatuka Whakarewa
Ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga te wera, te pēhanga, ngā mea e rua rānei (i ētahi wā me ngā rauemi whakakī) hei whakatutuki i te hononga ngota i ngā hononga o ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai, ā, ka hangaia he hanganga totoka, he hanganga whakauru. He tukanga matua tēnei mō te hono i ngā wāhanga i roto i te hanga hanganga maitai, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare, i ngā piriti, i ngā mīhini, i ngā kaipuke, me ētahi atu mara, e whakatau tika ana i te kaha, te pumau, me te haumaru o ngā hanganga maitai.
I runga anō i ngā tuhi hanga, i te pūrongo tohu tikanga whakarewa rānei (PQR), tautuhia mārama te momo hononga whakarewa, ngā rahi awaawa, ngā rahi whakarewa, te tūranga whakarewa, me te taumata kounga.
Te Tukatuka Pakaru
Ko tēnei tukanga he hanga ā-ringa, ā-tinana rānei i ngā kōhao i roto i ngā wāhanga hanganga maitai e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Ko te nuinga o ēnei kōhao ka whakamahia hei hono i ngā wāhanga, hei arahi i ngā paipa, me te tāuta i ngā taputapu. He tukanga nui tēnei i roto i te hanga hanganga maitai hei whakarite i te tika o te huihuinga wāhanga me te kaha o te hononga.
I runga i ngā tuhi hoahoa, tohua te wāhi o te kōhao (ngā ine taunga), te maha, te whānui, te taumata tika (hei tauira, te ātete ±1mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu paerewa, te ātete ±0.5mm mō ngā kōhao pūtu kaha-teitei), me te momo kōhao (porowhita, porowhita, me ētahi atu). Whakamahia he taputapu tohu (pēnei i te rīpene ine maitai, te pene matihiko, te tapawhā, te wero tauira rānei) hei tohu i ngā wāhi kōhao i runga i te mata o te wāhanga. Whakamahia he wero tauira hei waihanga i ngā pūwāhi kimi mō ngā kōhao nui hei whakarite i ngā wāhi keri tika.
He whānuitanga o ngā tukanga maimoatanga mata e wātea ana mōwhare hanganga maitai, e whakarei ake ana i tō rātou ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, tae atu ki tō rātou ātaahua.
Te whakapūmauhe kōwhiringa matarohia nā tōna ātete pai ki te waikura.
Paninga paurahe kanapa ngā tae, he kaha hoki te ātete ki te huarere.
Paninga epoxyhe tino ātete ki te waikura, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā taiao uaua.
Paninga whai rawa i te konutea epoxye whakarato ana i te tiaki hiko-matū whai hua me te nui o te konutea.
Te peitae tuku ana i te ngāwari me te whai hua, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia whakapaipai kanorau.
Paninga hinu pangohe kōwhiringa ōhanga mō ngā tono ārai waikura māmā.
He nui te wheako o tā mātou tīma o ngā kaihanga hanganga matua me ngā tohunga hangarau ki ngā kaupapa me ngā ariā hoahoa matatau, ā, e mōhio ana hoki ki ngā tikanga hanga rino me ngā paerewa ahumahi.
Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā pūmanawa hoahoa ngaio, tae atu kiNgā Hanganga AutoCAD me Tekla, hei whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha hoahoa tirohanga katoa e whakaata tika ana i ngā rahinga o ngā wāhanga, ngā whirihoranga pūnga, me ngā tahora ā-wāhi, mai i ngā tauira 3D ki ngā tuhi hangarau 2D.
Ka hipokina e ā mātou ratonga te tukanga whakawhanake kaupapa katoa, mai i te hoahoa ariā tōmua ki ngā tuhi hanganga taipitopito, mai i te tātaritanga pona uaua ki te manatoko hanganga whānui.
Ka tino whakahaerehia e mātou ia taipitopito, kia tutuki ai te tika taumata-mirimita hei whakarite i te pakari hangarau me te whaihua o te hanganga.
He arotahi tonu tā mātou ki te kiritaki. Mā te whakataurite whānui i ngā otinga me te whakatauira i ngā whanonga mīhini, ka whakawhanakehia e mātou ngā otinga hoahoa utu-whai hua mō ngā momo tono (ngā whare ahumahi, ngā whare arumoni, ngā piriti, me ngā ara hīkoi, me ētahi atu). I a mātou e whakarite ana i te haumaru o te hanganga, ka whakaitihia e mātou te whakamahinga rauemi me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga hanga. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he ratonga whai muri i te hoko whānui, mai i te tuku tuhi ki te aratohu hangarau i te papaanga. Ko te tikanga o tō mātou ngaiotanga ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki ki a mātou; ka tukuna e mātou ia kaupapa hanganga maitai i te wā tika. Kua whanake mātou hei hoa hoahoa kotahi-mutunga pono.
Me whakatau te tikanga tākai mō ngā hanganga rino i runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te momo wāhanga, te rahi, te tawhiti kawe, te taiao rokiroki, me te tiakitanga e hiahiatia ana. Ko te whāinga he ārai i te rerekētanga, te waikura, me te kino i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana hoki.
Ko ngā tikanga tākai hanganga maitai noa ko:
1. Tākai Tahanga (Kāore i Tākaihia)
E tika ana mō: Ngā wāhanga maitai nunui, taumaha hoki (pērā i ngā pou maitai, ngā kurupae, me ngā poupou nunui).
Ngā Āhuatanga: Kāore e hiahiatia he rauemi tākai tāpiri, e āhei ai te uta me te tango tika mā roto i ngā taputapu hiki. Heoi, me mau tika ngā wāhanga i te wā e kawe ana kia kore ai e ru, e tukinga rānei.
Parenga Tāpiri: Ka taea te tiaki i ngā hononga wāhanga (pēnei i ngā kōhao pūtu me ngā mata flange) mā te uhi rangitahi, te takai kirihou rānei hei ārai i te urunga me te kino.
2. Tākai Pōkai
E tika ana mō: Ngā wāhanga maitai iti ki te rahi waenga, he rite te āhua (pērā i te maitai koki, te maitai awa, ngā paipa maitai, me ngā pereti hono iti) i roto i ngā rahinga nui.
Kia mōhio: Me piri tika te paihere. Mēnā he tino ngāwari te paihere, ka taea e te paihere te neke i te wāhanga, engari mēnā he tino piri rawa, ka taea e te paihere te whakarerekē i te āhua.
3. Pouaka Rākau/Takai Anga Rākau
Ngā Horopaki e Pā Ana: Ngā wāhanga maitai iti tino tika (pēnei i ngā wāhanga maitai i roto i ngā wāhanga mīhini me ngā hononga tino tika), ngā wāhanga pakarukaru (pēnei i ngā wāhanga iti pēnei i ngā pūtu me ngā nati), ngā wāhanga maitai rānei e hiahia ana kia kawe tawhiti, kia kaweake rānei.
Ngā Painga: He tino pai te tiakitanga, he ārai whai hua i ngā awe o te taiao, he pai mō te kawe me te rokiroki i tawhiti i ngā taiao uaua.
4. Tākai Tiaki Motuhake
Hei Tiaki i te Waikura: Mō ngā wāhanga maitai ka rongoatia mō te wā roa, ka haria rānei ki ngā taiao makuku, hei tāpiritanga ki ngā tikanga tākai o runga ake nei, me whai maimoatanga ārai-waikura anō hoki.
Hei Tiaki i te Pirau Hē: Mō ngā wāhanga maitai angiangi, angiangi te pakitara (pērā i ngā kurupae maitai angiangi me ngā mema maitai angiangi te pakitara), me tāpiri atu ngā hanganga tautoko (pērā i ngā whāriki rakau, maitai rānei) i te wā e takai ana hei ārai i te piko me te pirau hē nā te kore taurite o ngā kawenga i te wā e kawe ana, e penapena ana hoki.
Te kawe waka:Tukunga Tere (Tukunga Tauira), Rererangi, Reriwe, Whenua, Tereina, Tukunga Moana (FCL, LCL rānei, Paparahi rānei)
Mai i te wā e tukuna ai tō hua, ka whakaratohia e tā mātou tīma ngaio he tautoko whānui puta noa i te tukanga tāutanga, me te tuku āwhina tino tika. Ahakoa te arotau i ngā mahere tāutanga i te papaanga, te whakarato aratohu hangarau mō ngā whakatutukitanga matua, te mahi tahi rānei me te tīma hanga, ka whai mātou kia whai hua, kia tika hoki te tukanga tāutanga, kia mau ai te pumau me te haumaru o tō hanganga maitai.
I te wā o te ratonga muri-hoko o te tukanga hangahanga, ka whakaratohia e mātou ngā taunakitanga tiaki e hāngai ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua, ā, ka whakautua hoki ngā pātai e pā ana ki te tiaki rauemi me te pakari o te hanganga.
Mena ka tūtaki koe ki tētahi raruraru e pā ana ki te hua i a koe e whakamahi ana, ka tere te whakautu a tā mātou tīma whai muri i te hoko, me te whakarato i te tohungatanga hangarau ngaio me te waiaro kawenga ki te whakatau i aua raruraru.
Q: He kaihanga UA?
Āe, he kaihanga ngongo maitai porowhita mātou kei te kainga o Daqiuzhuang, te tāone o Tianjin, Haina.
Q: Ka taea e au te tono whakamātautau i ētahi tana anake?
A: Ae ra. Ka taea e mātou te tuku utanga māu mā te ratonga LCL. (He iti ake te kawenga ipu)
Q: Ki te kore he tauira?
A: Tauira kore utu, engari ko te kaihoko te utu mō te utanga.
Q: He kaiwhakarato koura koe, ā, he taurangi hokohoko koe?
A: 13 tau mātou e whakarato ana i te koura, ā, e whakaae ana mātou ki te whakamana hokohoko.
